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Created with Fabric.js 1.4.5 Synonymy(المرا فا) Synonymy(المراد فات) double click to changethis text! Drag a cornerto scale proportionally. Antonymy (المتضادات): lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings. types of oppositeness: 1. Implicitly graded antonyms: -refer to pairs of items such as: big > small good > bad*They can only be interpreted in terms of being bigger, better than something which is established as the norm for the comparison. *In English, the larger item of the pair is the unmarked or neutral member. How big is it? How old is it? without implying that the subject is eather big or old. 2. Complementarity: -refers to the existence of such pairs as 'male' and 'female' / if one is not male then one is certainly female.*The difference between graded antonyms of the good/bad type and complementary pairs. To say; John is not single implies: John is not married But to say; John is not bad does not imply John is good *Some examples of complementary pairs: food/drink , land/sea *Rlated to complementary sets are sets of terms like colours or numbers where the assertion of one member implies the negation of all the others. this is green > implies that it is not yellow, brown, red or blue In two-term set such as (male, female), the assertion of male implies the denial of the only other term in the set. Such terms, as well as being described as 'complementary' are often referred to as 'incompatible'. 3.Converseness:-the relationship that holds between such related pairs of sentences as: John sold it to me and: I bought it from John*where SELL and BUY are in a converse relationship. *English has a number of conversely related verbs.-buy/sell, push/pull ...... Occasionally, the same verb can be used in the conversely related pair of sentences as in: John married Marryand : Mary married John*somtimes, in English, we can find converse nouns corresponding to converse verbs: COMMAND, SERVE, MASTER, SERVANT. It is a lexical relation in which two or more words have closely related meaning.Synonymy is always partial,never complete.For example; A tall building and A high building we cannot have both:A tall boy and *A high boyThe closest we come to absolute synonymy is when the synonyms belong to different dialects as with :British usage US usagepal chumAs well as regionally marked synonyms,we find synonyms which differ stylistically,in that one term may be more formal than another:Steal relieve one of pinchhalf inch purloinAnd, as the above items also illustrate, items which are cognitively synonymous may arouse very different emotional responses, the A list below implying less approval the the B list:A Bconceal hidestubborn resoluteTotal Synonymy, That is , the coincidence of COGNITIVE, EMOTIVE,STYLISTIC identity. In addition the choice of one word rather than its synonymy can have an effect on the words and phrases than can cooccur with it.For example:put up with , bear , endure,stand can collocate with ' such noise' although the verb 'brook' is more likely to occur with words like 'impertinence', 'rudeness'#Arabic synonyms:أهل أماترح ساف طوي عالي It is a lexical relation in which two or more words have closely related meaning.Synonymy is always partial,never complete.For example; A tall building and A high building we cannot have both:A tall boy and *A high boyThe closest we come to absolute synonymy is when the synonyms belong to different dialects as with :British usage US usagepal chumAs well as regionally marked synonyms,we find synonyms which differ stylistically,in that one term may be more formal than another:Steal relieve one of pinch/half inch purloinAnd, as the above items also illustrate, items which are cognitively synonymous may arouse very different emotional responses, the A list below implying less approval the the B list:A Bconceal hidestubborn resoluteTotal Synonymy, That is , the coincidence of COGNITIVE, EMOTIVE,STYLISTIC identity. In addition the choice of one word rather than its synonymy can have an effect on the words and phrases than can co-occur with it.For example:put up with , bear , endure,stand can collocate with ' such noise' although the verb 'brook' is more likely to occur with words like 'impertinence', 'rudeness'ِ#Arabic synonyms:أهلك أماترحل سافر طويل عالي double click to change this header text! double click to change this header text! double click to change this header text! double click to change this title text! double click to change this header text! double click to change this header text! double click to changethis text! Drag a cornerto scale proportionally. double click to change this title text! Hyponymy(التجان س) summary:meaning is not an easy to deal with partly because we are dealing with :-abstractions -mobility-difference of opinion -distinctions essential in one language but not in another solution: deal with sense relations, that is, with the relationship that exist within a specific language in terms of :similarity, difference, related sets and the non-literal use of language Semantics Semantics: study the meaning of language . Structuturalists: meaning is imtangible , variable and not to be taken for granted.It would be hard to find two people who agree absolutely on what each of these words implies EX. "beauty" Under the subject of semantics we shall deal with the following areas of interest: 1/ A word can have more than one meaning EX." Pen" can be both a place of animal or tool to writing. 2/Different words can have same meaning EX. "Nice" and "Beauty". 3/Some words can be analysed into components EX." Mare" implies both adult and female . 4/Some words seem to have opposites EX." Small" and" big" . 5/The meaning of some words are included in the meaning of others EX. The meaning of" furniture" is included in that of" sofa". 6/certain combinations of words have meaning which are very different from the combination of their separate meaning EX. "die " pass on" polysemy(تعدد المعاني) A word having two or more related meaning . In dictionary entry for any given word the meaning are listed in a particular order with the central meanings .EX. "star"We find the meaning in dictionary :1/celestial body. 2/thing suggesting star by its shape ,especially a figure or object with radiating points.3/(in card game) additional life bought by player whose lives are lost .4/principal actor or actress in a company. # problems, it is not always easy to decide when a meaning has become so different from its original meaning that it deserves to be treated like a new word.**solution, Etymology ( the origins and history of word) Multiplicity of meaning is a very general characteristic of language and is as well as full words. EX. "un"1/A verb , it usually means "reverse" the action of the verb .EX. undo. 2/ A noun , it can mean "deprive" of this noun. EX. Unkind.3/ An adjective , it can mean" the opposite of" EX. Unfair. Idioms What is idioms? In a fixed order that have a particular meaning from the meaning of each words understood by its self. ....they can be categorised as 1 alliterative comparisons good as gold 2 noun phrases a close shave 3 preposition phrases in for a penny, in for a pound4 verb + noun phrases spill the beans5 verb+ preposition be in clover6 verb+ adverb take to (like ) there is a marked tendency for a few colors a blue moon It is lexe relation in which the meaning of one words is including in the meaning of another .for example :"flower" includes "daisy"and "rose" . the including term "flower" is known as the "superordinate term" and the included items are known as "co-hyponyms" the assertion of a hyponym :this is a rose the assertion os the superordinate: this is a flowerthe implicational nature of hyponymy is works one way only. Hyponymy is method of indicating the relationship that can exist between words. خضار طماطمأثاث كرسي it can be interpreted in terms of metaphor clip someone's wings or literally run up a bill *they tend to be relatively fixed with regard to number spill the beans not spill the bean *use of determiners a dead duck not the dead duck *use of comparatives & superlatives good as gold not better than gold * word order hale and hearty not hearty and hale* use of passives he spilt the beans not the beans were spiltThere is a tendency for the more transparent idioms to allow change run up a bill and run up an enormous bill
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