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Created with Fabric.js 1.4.5 cross-sequential Longitudinal Cross-sectional Research Designs Nature Vs. Nurture at one point in time different ages studied one age group is studied over a long period of time different ages studied over a long period of time Influence of inherited characteristics on ourpersonality, physical and intellectual growth, interactions Influence of the environment on personality, physical and itellectual growth, and social interactions DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism Gene Genetics Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements Chromosome Lightly wound strand of genetic material/DNA Dominant Recessive actively controls the expression of a trait only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene Infancy and Childhood Development From conception to birth Development Across the Life Span Building Blocks of Development Zygote and twinning OvumFertilizationZygote female egg cell or egg union between the ovum and sperm result of the unitity of ovum and sperm Monozygotic twins Dizygotic twins Germinal Period 2 wks following fertilization Formation of cells into specialized cells Embryonic Period 2-8 weeks after fertilization Major organs and structures are developed; Critical period of the development of the infant Fetal Period From 8 weeks to birth Organs continue to develop and become fully functional Full term birth: 38 weeks Miscarriages / Spontaneous abortion: first 3 months of pregnancy Cognitive Development Physical Development Sensory Development Motor Development Immediately after birth, body systems start to function Respiratory System Blood circulation Temperature Regulation Digestive System Reflex Innate, involuntary behavior of infants + Touch Smell Taste Hearing Vision 9 months later most developed highly developed nearly fully developed functional, but still need to be developed least functional Raising head and chest Rolling over 6 Motor Milestones 2-4 months 8-18 months 7-8 months 6-7 months 4-6 months 2-5 months Sitting up with support Sitting up without support Crawling Walking Walking Prenatal Development the development of thinking, problem solving and memory Piaget's Theory: Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years old Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Concrete Operations 7 to 12 years old Formal Operations 12 years old to adulthood 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Vygotsky's Theory: The Importance of Being There Children develop cognitively when someone else helps them Importance of Social Interaction Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference of what a child can do alone and what they can do with the help of someone Stages of Language Development Cooing Babbling One-word speech Telegraphic speech Whole sentences 1 2 3 4 5 Psychological Development The development of personality, relashionships, and a sense of being male or female.The process begins in infancy and continues into adulthood Temperament 3 Basic Temperament styles of infants Easy adaptable to change Difficult Slow to change less grumpy, quieter than difficult infantsSlow introduction is best Very unhappy about change of any kind Attachment emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver Secure Avoidant Ambivalent Disorganized- disoriented 4 Attachment styles of infants Erikson's Theory: Infant 60s and beyond Birth to1 year old Trust vs. Mistrust Toddler 1 to 3 years old Identity vs. Role Confusion Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Preschool Age 3 to 5 years old Initiative vs. Guilt Elementary school Age 5 to 12 years old Industry vs. Inferiority Adolescence 13 to early 20s Early Adulthood 20s to 30s Ego Integrity vs. Despair Intimacy vs. Isolation MiddleAdulthood 40s to 50s Generativity vs. Stagnation LateAdulthood Gender - identity perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender Adolescence the period of life from about age 13 to early 20sNo longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supported adult Physical Development Cognitive Development Moral Development Psychosocial Development onset of pubertychanges in both primary and secondary sex characteristicsgrowth spurt Adolescent egocentrism personal fable imaginary audience preconventional morality Understanding of what is 'right' and 'wrong' Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Morality: 8 Psychological Stages of Development has been criticized as male-orientedit asks in a hypothetica dilemma, not a real situation Preconventional Morality Conventional Morality Postconventional Morality consequences determine morality Conformity tosocial norms is right Moral principles determined by the person are used to determine right and wrong the search for a consistent sense of self or personal identity ? ? ? Identity vs. Role Confusion Parent-Teen conflict Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development Young Adulthood Few changesTypically at the peak of physical and cognitive health Middle Age Hearing and vision begin to declineWomen: Menopause; Men: AndropauseHealth problems (Genetic and lifestyle) begin to appear Late Adulthood Further decline in hearingPhysical strength declinesPeople with osteoporosis may experience a decline in height highest in the 20sProcessing and reaction time become slower in middle agesGreater life and situational knowledge as the years progress Cognitive Skills Memory Skills Memory ability change will be most visible in the middle-aged cognitionStress and information overload may be the reason for memory issues"Use it or Lose it" Intimacy vs. Isolation: Forming Relationships Generativity vs. Stagnation: Parenting Parenting Styles Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative Permissive Indulgent Permissive Neglectful Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Dealing with mortality Life Review Looking back on the life they lived, dealing with mistakes, regrets and unfinished business double click to changethis text! Drag a cornerto scale proportionally. Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Cellular-Clock Theory Wear-and-Tear Theory Free-Radical Theory Activity Theory Stages of Death and Dying based on work of KΓΌbler-Ross Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
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